Moscow, the capital of Russia, experiences a range of climates throughout the year, from cold, snowy winters to warm, sometimes stormy summers.
The coldest month of the year in Moscow is January, with an average low of 14°F and a high of 24°F.
Winters last from mid-November to mid-March, with daily highs staying below 34°F, bringing a chilly atmosphere to the city’s streets and landmarks.
As spring unfolds, the temperatures begin to rise, leading to milder and more pleasant weather.
By July, the city reaches its warmest point, averaging highs of around 75°F and lows of 57°F.
This period offers long days filled with sunlight, making it a popular time for tourists to explore the historical sites and vibrant culture of Moscow.
August continues the warmth but with a slightly milder feel, with averages of 63°F, peaking at 72°F on the hottest days.
Despite some heavy rains and thunderstorms during the summer months, the overall conditions are usually favorable for outdoor activities and sightseeing.
For detailed monthly weather data, visit Weather and Climate in Moscow.
Average Temperature in Moscow, Russia
Moscow experiences a continental climate with temperature variations throughout the year.
Winter months can be extremely cold, while the summer months are mild to warm.
Winter Temperatures
Winter in Moscow spans from November to March. During this time, January is the coldest month.
Average temperatures drop to 14°F (-10°C) at night, with daily highs reaching just 24°F (-4°C). On some occasions, it can be even colder.
Summer Temperatures
Summer lasts from June to August. July is the warmest month.
The average high temperature in July is around 75°F (24°C), with night temperatures at about 57°F (14°C). Despite these averages, some days can get quite hot.
Monthly Average Temperatures
Below is a summary of Moscow’s average temperatures by month:
| Month | Average High (°F) | Average Low (°F) |
|---|---|---|
| January | 24 | 14 |
| February | 27 | 16 |
| March | 36 | 23 |
| April | 50 | 35 |
| May | 64 | 46 |
| June | 72 | 53 |
| July | 75 | 57 |
| August | 72 | 55 |
| September | 61 | 45 |
| October | 46 | 35 |
| November | 34 | 26 |
| December | 27 | 17 |
Hourly temperatures can also show big differences during a single day, especially in the transitional months of spring and fall.
Additional Notes
Moscow has an urban heat island effect, causing temperatures in the city to be slightly higher than the surrounding areas.
The temperature changes frequently due to various factors like weather fronts and geographic location.
Average Precipitation in Moscow, Russia
Moscow experiences a range of precipitation throughout the year, including both rainfall and snowfall.
The annual amount of precipitation varies by month, with some months receiving more rain and others accumulating more snow.
Average Rainfall in Moscow, Russia
Rainfall in Moscow is generally moderate and is spread out over the year.
The wettest months tend to be July and August, with an average of 3.2 inches of rain per month. Summer tends to see more frequent rainy days compared to other seasons.
| Month | Average Rainfall (inches) |
|---|---|
| January | 1.2 |
| February | 1.0 |
| March | 1.2 |
| April | 1.5 |
| May | 2.2 |
| June | 3.0 |
| July | 3.2 |
| August | 3.2 |
| September | 2.1 |
| October | 1.7 |
| November | 1.5 |
| December | 1.2 |
Average Snow in Moscow, Russia
Snow is a significant component of precipitation during Moscow’s long winters.
The city sees snow from November to March, with January and February being the snowiest months, receiving an average of 12 inches of snowfall each month.
| Month | Average Snowfall (inches) |
|---|---|
| November | 6.0 |
| December | 10.0 |
| January | 12.0 |
| February | 12.0 |
| March | 8.0 |
On average, Moscow experiences snow on about 125 days per year.
Snow cover can last for several months, contributing to the city’s icy landscapes during winter.
Mild snowfall can extend into early spring, occasionally impacting daily life even as temperatures begin to rise.
Average Sun in Moscow, Russia
Moscow has varying sun hours and cloud cover throughout the year. The city’s UV index and daily shortwave solar energy also change significantly between seasons.
Average Daily Shortwave Solar Energy in Moscow, Russia
The amount of shortwave solar energy reaching Moscow varies by month. This energy refers to the sunlight hitting the Earth’s surface and changes with cloud cover and season.
| Month | Solar Energy (kWh/m²/day) |
|---|---|
| January | 0.4 |
| February | 0.9 |
| March | 2.2 |
| April | 3.8 |
| May | 5.0 |
| June | 5.7 |
| July | 5.6 |
| August | 4.6 |
| September | 3.2 |
| October | 1.7 |
| November | 0.7 |
| December | 0.3 |
The highest daily averages are in June and July, with about 5.7 and 5.6 kWh/m²/day respectively.
The lowest are in December and January, often below 0.5 kWh/m²/day.
This data is important for understanding how much sunlight Moscow receives throughout the year.
The cloud cover, particularly during winter months, significantly reduces the amount of solar energy, which in turn affects daily sun hours and overall weather conditions.
Average Humidity in Moscow, Russia
Moscow experiences varying levels of humidity throughout the year.
December is the most humid month, with an average relative humidity of 86.0%.
The least humid month is May, with an average of 67.0% average humidity in Moscow.
Most of the year, the relative humidity in Moscow remains between 67% and 86%.
This creates a moderately humid environment, especially during winter.
Here’s a table showing the average monthly humidity:
| Month | Relative Humidity (%) |
|---|---|
| January | 85 |
| February | 81 |
| March | 69 |
| April | 68 |
| May | 67 |
| June | 70 |
| July | 71 |
| August | 73 |
| September | 79 |
| October | 84 |
| November | 85 |
| December | 86 |
The overall average annual humidity is approximately 74% climate data.
The dew point, which indicates how comfortable the air feels, varies throughout the year.
During the hotter months, such as July, the dew point may be higher, leading to a muggy atmosphere.
Wind speeds can also influence the perceived humidity. The average wind speed in Moscow is about 12 kph (7 mph).
Average Wind in Moscow, Russia
The wind in Moscow varies throughout the year, with notable differences in speed and direction.
Monthly Wind Speed:
| Month | Average Speed (mph) |
|---|---|
| January | 10 |
| February | 10 |
| March | 10 |
| April | 9 |
| May | 9 |
| June | 8 |
| July | 8 |
| August | 8 |
| September | 9 |
| October | 10 |
| November | 10 |
| December | 10 |
Wind Gusts and Direction:
In January, the winds can gust up to higher speeds, especially during storms. The direction of the wind is primarily from the west and southwest.
March experiences milder gusts, averaging closer to the monthly averages but still can bring strong breezes, often coming from the northwest.
By August, winds are generally weaker, rarely producing strong gusts but maintaining a steady flow, mainly from the southwest.
November sees an increase in wind activity again, with gusts higher in speed and winds predominantly blowing from the west and northwest.
Wind directions are mainly influenced by the season, with westerly and southwesterly winds being common due to regional climatic patterns.
More detailed insights about wind patterns can be found in specific articles.
Average Air Quality in Moscow, Russia
The air quality in Moscow varies throughout the year. During most months, the Air Quality Index (AQI) ranges from Good to Moderate. Localized air quality monitoring provides real-time updates which help residents plan their activities.
Here is a simple breakdown of the average AQI by month:
| Month | Average AQI |
|---|---|
| January | Good |
| February | Good |
| March | Moderate |
| April | Moderate |
| May | Good |
| June | Good |
| July | Good |
| August | Moderate |
| September | Moderate |
| October | Good |
| November | Good |
| December | Good |
Moscow experiences less pollution during late spring and summer. The highest levels of AQI are often noted during the colder months when heating activity increases.
Pressure and visibility also play roles in air quality. High-pressure systems can trap pollutants close to the ground, reducing visibility and worsening air pollution. On clear days, visibility in Moscow can exceed 6 miles, aiding in dispersing pollutants.
For real-time updates on air pollution and forecasts, websites like IQAir or AccuWeather offer valuable insights. Data from these sources help in making informed decisions about outdoor activities.
Topography of Moscow, Russia
Moscow is located in the Central Federal District of Russia and has varied terrain. It is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for about 311 miles through the East European Plain.
Elevation Details
- Average Elevation: 528 feet
- Minimum Elevation: 351 feet
- Maximum Elevation: 843 feet
The city features several high points. Notably, the Teplostan Upland reaches an elevation of 837 feet.
Key Geographic Features
- Moskva River: Runs through the city providing a natural landscape.
- Teplostan Upland: The highest point in the city.
- VVC Weather Station: Located at 512 feet above sea level.
Coordinates:
Moscow is positioned at roughly 55.7558° N latitude and 37.6173° E longitude, placing it in a continental climate zone classified as Dfb under the Köppen climate classification.
Topographic Characteristics
The city’s topography includes flat plains and occasional hills, contributing to its humid continental climate.
| Feature | Elevation (feet) |
|---|---|
| Average Elevation | 528 |
| Minimum Elevation | 351 |
| Maximum Elevation | 843 |
| VVC Weather Station | 512 |
| Teplostan Upland | 837 |
This elevation variation influences local weather patterns, making Moscow an interesting study in geographical and climate dynamics within the Moscow region.
Extreme Weather Events that Occur in Moscow, Russia
Moscow experiences extreme cold during its winters. Temperatures can drop as low as -40°F, making it one of the coldest capitals in the world. Heavy snowfall is common from November to March, often leading to icy roads and disrupted transportation.
In the summer, heat waves can break historical records. In early July 2024, Moscow recorded a temperature of 32.7°C (90.9°F), breaking a 1917 record. These heat waves can cause health issues, especially for vulnerable populations.
Thunderstorms are another concern during the warmer months. They can bring heavy rain, strong winds, and sometimes hail. Such storms often lead to flash floods and temporary power outages.
The city also has a notable dry season during spring. This period can last from late March to early May, characterized by minimal rainfall and increased risk of wildfires.
Monthly Weather Extremes
| Month | Temperature Range (°F) | Precipitation (Inches) |
|---|---|---|
| January | -40 to 32 | 1.5 |
| July | 50 to 90.9 | 3.2 |
These extreme weather conditions highlight the diverse and sometimes harsh climate of Moscow, making it essential for residents and visitors to be prepared year-round.
For more details on extreme weather in Russia, visit the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
Best Time of the Year to Visit Moscow, Russia
Moscow has distinct seasons, each offering unique experiences for visitors. The best time to visit depends on your weather preferences and what activities you enjoy.
What is Moscow, Russia Like in Spring
Spring in Moscow runs from March to May, marking a transition from frigid winter to warmer weather. By April, temperatures start to climb, typically ranging from 32°F to 55°F. May sees daily highs reaching up to 65°F.
Spring is less crowded, making it a great time for tourism. Famous landmarks like the Red Square and Saint Basil’s Cathedral are more accessible. Snow melts, giving way to blooming flowers and green parks.
Average Temperatures:
| Month | Avg Low | Avg High |
|---|---|---|
| March | 23°F | 37°F |
| April | 32°F | 55°F |
| May | 45.9°F | 65.5°F |
The city’s historical sites are easier to explore without the massive tourist crowds, and hotel rates are reasonable.
What is Moscow, Russia Like in Summer
Summer spans June to August. June starts warm with highs around 70°F, peaking in July with temperatures reaching up to 77°F. This is the most popular time for tourists due to the pleasant weather.
Outdoor activities and festivals flourish. Moscow’s parks, like Gorky Park, are filled with life. You can also enjoy boat rides on the Moskva River.
Average Temperatures:
| Month | Avg Low | Avg High |
|---|---|---|
| June | 54°F | 70°F |
| July | 59°F | 77°F |
| August | 59°F | 75°F |
Expect larger crowds at key attractions and higher accommodation prices.
What is Moscow, Russia Like in Fall
Fall runs from September to November. September still enjoys mild weather, with temperatures around 60°F. By October, it cools significantly, and November brings the first hints of winter.
This season is quieter, with fewer tourists. The city’s foliage turns beautiful shades of red and gold, providing a picturesque backdrop for sightseeing.
Average Temperatures:
| Month | Avg Low | Avg High |
|---|---|---|
| September | 50°F | 60°F |
| October | 38°F | 47°F |
| November | 28°F | 36°F |
What is Moscow, Russia Like in Winter
Winter in Moscow stretches from December to February. It’s cold and snowy, with temperatures often below freezing.
December and January are the coldest months, with averages around 14°F to 25°F.
If you enjoy winter activities, this is the time to visit. Ice skating and winter festivals are popular. New Year celebrations are particularly elaborate.
Average Temperatures:
| Month | Avg Low | Avg High |
|---|---|---|
| December | 14°F | 25°F |
| January | 12°F | 21°F |
| February | 14°F | 25°F |
The cold can be harsh, but it’s a unique time to experience Moscow’s winter charm without the crowds.